What Score Do You Need to Pass EPPP Part 1 (Knowledge)?

The overjustification effect occurs when an external incentive, such as tangible monetary compensation or evaluation, is introduced for performing an activity that an individual already finds intrinsically rewarding. The presence of the extrinsic reinforcer shifts the perceived locus of causality from internal enjoyment to external contingencies; consequently, when the extrinsic reward is withdrawn, the baseline intrinsic motivation is diminished or extinguished entirely. In contrast, psychological reactance involves an emotional and motivational response directed toward reclaiming a behavioral freedom that has been threatened or restricted, rather than losing interest following reward cessation. Behavioral contrast refers to a pattern in operant conditioning where changing the reinforcement rate for a behavior in one setting produces an inverse change in response rate in a second, unchanged setting. Learned helplessness arises when organisms are subjected to uncontrollable, unavoidable aversive stimuli, leading to generalized passivity and the belief that future outcomes are completely independent of personal effort, which does not characterize this task cessation.

According to Derald Wing Sue's multidimensional worldview framework, an individual's orientation is conceptualized along two primary intersecting axes: locus of control and locus of responsibility. A client who maintains high self-efficacy, personal agency, and faith in their own capabilities possesses an internal locus of control, whereas identifying external societal barriers, systemic prejudice, and institutional racism as the primary cause of personal hardships reflects an external locus of responsibility. Sue notes that many politically active racial minorities and marginalized individuals hold this specific internal control and external responsibility worldview. Conversely, an external locus of control coupled with an internal locus of responsibility represents individuals who feel helpless against their environment yet blame themselves for their socioeconomic hardships. The internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility configuration represents the traditional dominant Western, individualistic worldview, emphasizing complete personal culpability and self-determination. Finally, an external locus of control and external locus of responsibility configuration characterizes feelings of learned helplessness, passivity, and total fatalism toward both individual agency and social structures.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development, preconventional morality is characteristic of children under age nine and individuals whose moral appraisals are framed strictly around egocentric, concrete physical consequences. In this first developmental level, right and wrong are evaluated based upon external rewards, direct obedience to authority, and the avoidance of concrete negative punishment, rather than broader internalized ethical principles. The child's explanation that an action is wrong specifically because an adult authority figure will take away privileges reflects Stage 1 obedience and punishment orientation within the preconventional level. In contrast, conventional morality determines moral rectitude through the maintenance of social order, conformity to interpersonal expectations, and respect for legal authority figures to maintain systemic cohesion. Postconventional morality relies on internalized universal ethical principles, individual civil liberties, and democratic social contracts that supersede specific institutional rules. Autonomous morality is a stage from Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development, wherein children recognize that social rules are socially constructed agreements subject to democratic negotiation and flexible intent.

The anchoring heuristic occurs when individuals base quantitative estimates or numerical judgments on an initial value or reference point, failing to make adequate adjustments away from that anchor regardless of its arbitrary or irrelevant nature. In this scenario, the initial inflated compensation figure served as a powerful anchor that pulled subsequent settlement deliberations toward higher amounts. The representativeness heuristic is incorrect because it involves estimating the likelihood of an event or categorizing an entity based on its superficial similarity to a cognitive prototype or stereotype rather than objective base rates. The availability heuristic is incorrect because it involves judging the frequency, probability, or prevalence of an event based on the ease with which relevant examples or memories are retrieved from mind. The framing effect is incorrect because it refers to the systematic alteration of decisions and preferences depending on whether logically equivalent options are presented in terms of potential gains or potential losses.

Stevens's power law asserts that the subjective psychological magnitude of a sensation is proportional to the physical intensity of the stimulus raised to a modality-specific exponent. This mathematical formulation accounts for diverse sensory modalities: when the exponent is less than one (such as brightness perception), sensation exhibits compressive response growth; when the exponent is greater than one (such as electric shock), sensation exhibits expansive growth. The claim that perceived magnitude equals a constant proportion of the difference threshold describes Weber's law, which states that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the original stimulus magnitude. The assertion that perceived magnitude increases logarithmically with physical intensity describes Fechner's law, which assumes that subjective sensation grows as the logarithm of physical intensity under the premise that just noticeable differences represent equal subjective increments. The option referring to an inverse square relationship describes a physical propagation law for electromagnetic radiation rather than a psychophysical law relating physical magnitude to subjective perception.